Banff National Park

http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/ab/banff/natcul/natcul15.aspx

Banff National Park of Canada

Wolverine: legendary enigma

Wolverine Research Update 2004

Wolverine: legendary enigma
© Parks Canada

The wolverine is an enduring symbol of deep wilderness, dogged determination and fierce independence. Yet in Canada's Rocky Mountains, their numbers are few and threats to their habits and habitats are increasing. Found throughout high elevation forests and well into the harsh alpine, the wolverine covers a phenomenal amount of territory. But increasing human use in their habitat may leave this remarkable species at risk. Wolverines seek the same solitude and isolation desired by many backcountry visitors. Denning females with young are particularly vulnerable to disturbance from skiers and hikers. Following is information on wolverine ecology, how to recognize their sign and suggestions on how you can contribute to research underway in the Mountain National Parks.

Biology and Ecology

Wolverine Research

Conservation Concerns

Biology and Ecology

Biology and EcologyThe wolverine is the largest terrestrial member of the weasel family, collectively known as mustelids. Their relatives include weasels, mink, marten, fisher, badger and otters. They are truly a holarctic species, found across northern North America, Scandinavia and Russia.


In North America, wolverines range as far south as California, but south of the boreal forest, they are only found in the most rugged mountain ranges, including Canada's Rocky Mountains.

The wolverine, particularly males which can be twice as big as females, is often mistaken for a small bear or a large hoary marmot. Close in size to a medium dog, males can weigh up to 18 kg, while females are as heavy as 12 kg. They have a rich, chocolate brown coat with blonde stripes down the sides. Individuals have unique silvery markings on their face, which is broad and large for the body size.

If you see a wolverine, consider yourself lucky, for they are few and far between. Researchers in British Columbia and Idaho estimate there is just one wolverine for every 150 to 300 km2. They cover a lot of ground in search of food and mates. In the far north, males may range over 3000 km2, an area as large as Kootenay and Yoho National Parks combined.

Here in the mountains, home ranges are smaller, typically 600 to 1000 km2 for males, but no less impressive when you consider the rugged terrain they must cross. Females, especially those with young, maintain a much smaller home range, generally less than 300 to 400 km2.

The wolverines' appetite is legendary. Their scientific name, Gulo, comes from the Latin word for glutton, but really they eat no more than any other animal their size. It's just that they aren't particularly picky eaters. They''re also remarkably adept at breaking into food caches and backcountry cabins, a behaviour that has earned wolverines almost demonic reputations with trappers.

Once thought to be almost exclusively eaters of carrion, we now know they are accomplished predators. They will kill caribou, an animal several times their size. In summer, marmots and small mammals are the usual prey. In winter, most of their diet consists of large mammals such as mountain goats, moose and caribou that were previously killed by wolves or avalanches.

Other than females with kits, wolverines are solitary animals. Their lives may be best described as wandering mid- to high-elevation forests and alpine tundra in a continual search for food.

Mating occurs in May and June, but implantation is delayed until December or January, likely depending on the female's physical condition at the time. Poor nutrition caused by scarce food and increased stress from disturbances may impede a female from bringing a pregnancy to term. Come late winter, pregnant females move to higher elevations to den among large snow covered boulders or talus slopes, often in cirque basins, avalanche debris and windthrow. Here they raise a litter of 1 to 3 kits through the coming spring and summer. And it is here where this predator of renowned ferocity is most vulnerable.
Wolverine Research

In many respects, wolverines are similar to grizzly bears: they cover large areas, occur at low densities and are sensitive to human disturbance. Because wolverines are active all year, they are excellent indicators of ecological integrity in winter.

Parks Canada wants to identify key wolverine movement areas and their general landscape use in the Mountain Parks. This will help park managers make informed land-use decisions to ensure the long-term viability of wolverine populations.

The study area is centred on the Lake Louise - Continental Divide area: a major wildlife movement corridor linking the upper Bow and the upper Kicking Horse valleys. However, all wolverine sightings within the Mountain Parks are of interest.

Their movements are monitored by following their tracks in the snow. You can help by reporting any wolverine tracks you find.




Conservation Concerns

Despite their fearsome reputation, wolverines are susceptible to a number of disturbances. Denning females leave their young alone for up to several days while they search for food during the late winter. The young are helpless and vulnerable, so mothers ensure they are in a secure den, safe from potential predators. As a backcountry skier, you may unwittingly disturb a female with young kits, forcing her to find a new den and move her young.

Wolverines once ranged throughout western North America's mountains, as far south as Colorado and California. Today, relatively few persist in the lower 48 States. In southern Alberta and British Columbia, they are confined to the isolated backcountry of rugged mountain ranges. Human settlement and increased use of remote backcountry have shrunk the wolverines' range to the northwest part of the continent.

Wolverines in western Canada, including the Mountain Parks, are listed as a Species of Special Concern by the national Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). This ranking reflects their low numbers and slow capacity to recover from population declines. Both Alberta and British Columbia provincial governments recognize wolverine as a species that may be at risk and require special management considerations.

Canada's Mountain National Parks play an important role in providing valuable habitat for the wolverine near the southern limits of its distribution. They act as important refugia and a population source. Research in the Columbia Mountains has shown that adult female wolverine spend the majority of their time in Glacier and Mt. Revelstoke National Parks, where survival rates are higher.

However, we cannot rely on parks as a regional source for wolverines. They are just one part of the landscape and the total effort to conserve this remarkable predator. Because of their large home range, most wolverines found in national parks spend a portion of their lives beyond park boundaries where they are susceptible to various other threats including trapping and disturbance from motorized recreation.



Wolverines seek the same solitude and wilderness so highly desired by those of us who visit the backcountry. If we respect their home, this enigmatic animal will continue to traverse wilderness, offering tantalizing glimpses of legend.

The largest member of the weasel family, wolverines are fierce hunters, 

feeding on small rodents and even weakened caribou!

Photograph courtesy National Park Service

Related links:
The Wolverine Foundation